The ability to amplify optical signals in optical fibers to their quantum limit is a crucial technological advancement that underpins our modern information society. The 1550 nm wavelength band is used in optical telecommunications because it not only has low loss in silica optical fibers (for which
the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded), but also because it allows for the amplification of these signals, essential for trans-oceanic fiber optical communication.
These two approaches are based on amplification by optical transitions. But there is another paradigm of optical signal amplification: traveling-wave parametric amplifiers, which achieve signal amplification by varying a small system “parameter”, such as the capacitance or the nonlinearity of a transmission line.
Most intriguingly, parametric gain can be derived in unusual wavelength bands that are out of reach of conventional semiconductors or rare-earth-doped fibers. Parametric amplification is inherently quantum-limited, and can even achieve noiseless amplification.Despite their attractive features, optical parametric amplifiers in fibers are compounded by their very high pump power requirements resulting from the weak Kerr nonlinearity of silica.
The researchers used an ultralow-loss silicon nitride photonic integrated circuit more than two meters long to build the first traveling-wave amplifier on a photonic chip 3×5 mm2 in size. The chip operates in a continuous regime and provides 7 dB net gain on-chip and 2 dB net gain fiber-to-fiber in the telecommunication bands.
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