APExplains: Amendments to India's citizenship law, which excludes Muslim immigrants, have led to nationwide protests and deadly clashes with police. Here’s a brief look at how India has grappled with citizenship issues across the decades.
In this Saturday, Aug. 4, 2018, file photo, activists shout slogans during a protest in front of Assam House against the final draft of the National Register of Citizens in the northeastern state of Assam, in New Delhi, India. India has been embroiled in protests since December, when Parliament passed a bill amending the country's citizenship law.
NEW DELHI — India has been embroiled in protests since December, when Parliament passed a bill amending the country’s citizenship law. The new law provides a fast track to naturalization for some migrants who entered the country illegally while fleeing religious persecution. But it excludes Muslims, which critics say is discriminatory and a violation of India’s Constitution.
It marks the first time that India, a secular state with a religiously diverse population, has set religious criteria for citizenship.Hindu-Muslim riots in 1964 in what was then East Pakistan led to an exodus of Bengali Hindus across the border into India. A war between India and Pakistan in 1965 and the breakup of Pakistan in 1971, with the eastern portion becoming an independent Bangladesh with the help of the Indian army, led to fresh waves of refugees crossing into India.
Acting on a petition, the Supreme Court ordered state authorities to count and verify citizens. The process began in 2015 and concluded last summer with a list that excluded nearly 2 million of Assam’s residents. About half of those were Hindu and the other half Muslim. Those excluded must now prove their citizenship at quasi-legal tribunals or else be considered foreigners. The new citizenship law is seen as a way to provide excluded Hindus with a path to citizenship.Modi’s government has proposed expanding the verification of citizenship around the country.
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