Studies that scrutinized thousands of tumour samples provide the clearest link yet between cancer and fungi — but more research is needed.
in gastrointestinal tumour cells were linked to more gene activity that promotes inflammation, a higher rate of metastasis and lower survival rates, the researchers found.
Characterizing fungal cells in a tumour is like finding a needle in a haystack, says Deepak Saxena, a microbiologist at New York University who has researched the fungus–cancer connection. Depending on the sample, there is usually only about one fungal cell for every 10,000 tumour cells, he says. Furthermore, many of the fungal species in question are widespread, which makes sample contamination a serious concern, says Iliev. That meant the researchers had to take great care to filter out any potential evidence of contamination or false matches for fungal DNA from their results. For example, Iliev and his colleagues found a DNA fragment misidentified as portobello mushroom , a common edible fungus, in tumour tissues from across the body.
Both research teams got most of their tissue and blood samples from databases, so the samples were not collected with the aim of minimizing fungal contamination, says Bhatt. Although the researchers developed methods to filter any potential contaminants out of the sequencing data, she would like to see the results replicated using samples taken in a sterile environment.
It will also be important to piece together how bacteria, viruses and fungi interact and contribute to cancer, says Nadim Ajami, a microbiome specialist at the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. “We know that these ecologies coexist,” he says. “When we think about just bacteria or fungi, we tend to forget that they are living within the same environment.”
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