The ground deep below the Parkfield section of the fault was found to break frequently and melt the host rocks.
Because of its regularity, there has been extensive monitoring of the Parkfield section of San Andreas. In 2004, for example, scientists began a project that would see a 2.5 mile hole drilled into the crust, with a massive array of sensors placed within it to provide ongoing monitoring.
In a study published in Science Avances, researchers led by Sylvian Barbot, from the University of Southern California, have now examined the mechanics involved in temblors along the Parkfield section, focusing on the rocks that sit at least 10 miles below the surface. "Most of California seismicity originates from the first 10 miles of the crust, but some tremors on the San Andreas Fault take place much deeper," Barbot said in a statement."Why and how this happens is largely unknown. We show that a deep section of the San Andreas Fault breaks frequently and melts the host rocks, generating these anomalous seismic waves."
By looking at 300 years' worth of history at the fault, the team was able to build up a picture of what happens below ground to produce these regular earthquakes. Their simulations showed that after a big earthquake hits, the tectonic plates settle down and move past one another without producing much disturbance above ground. However, this motion eventually leads to the build up of heat, and—at around 350 degrees Celsius —the rocks start to melt.
A bridge over the San Andreas Fault from the Pacific to the North American plates near Parkfield, California. Scientists have found that at this section of the fault, earthquakes are produced from changes deep below the surface.
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