A new documentary on crucifixion airs on the Smithsonian Channel on 23 December, detailing the evidence from two ancient skeletons found thousands of kilometers apart.
comes from 1968, when excavations in a cemetery in Giv’at ha-Mivtar just outside of Jerusalem revealed a calcaneus or heel bone with a nail still piercing it. The tomb lists a man’s name - Yehohanon ben Hagkol - but otherwise nothing about him is known. Based on the nail through the bone, archaeologist Vassilios Tzaferis concluded that Yehohanon had been crucified....
Although the skeleton was not well preserved, the research team - consisting of Emanuela Gualdi-Russo, Ursula Thun Hohenstein, and Nicoletta Onisto from the University of Ferrara and Elena Pilli and David Caramelli from the University of Florence - was able to extract DNA and to rule out an accidental origin for a hole in the calcaneus.
The hole itself is round, passing from the inside of the foot to the outside, and there is evidence that it was inflicted around the time of death. “In our interpretation,” the archaeologists write, “the type of lesion found on the right calcaneus from Gavello is compatible with a position of the body [...
Just as at Giv’at ha-Mivtar, the Gavello skeleton reveals a puncture wound caused almost certainly by a nail through the heel bone. Unlike the Jerusalem example, though, the man from Gavello was not buried in a proper family tomb. “Isolation of the burial site,” the researchers explain, “may have been a consequence of the community’s refusal of the individual in death as in life.
The fact that archaeologists have only found two bones that show clear evidence of crucifixion, two millennia after the Romans used it on thousands of victims, means that we will likely never fully understand the extent to which the punishment was used, whom it was used on, or how they met their ends.
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