5 mistakes that get in the way of thinking critically—and how to overcome them, according to NeelBurton
and virtue are very poor at imparting those qualities: Themistocles, the Athenian politician and general, was able to teach his son Cleophantus skills such as standing upright on horseback and shooting javelins, but no one ever credited Cleophantus with anything like his father’s wisdom; and the same could also be said of Lysimachus and his son Aristides, and Thucydides and his sons Melesias and Stephanus.
A fallacy is some kind of defect in an argument. A formal fallacy is an invalid type of argument. It is a deductive argument with an invalid form, for example:If you cannot yet see that this argument is invalid, substitute A, B, and C with"insects","herbivores", and"mammals".A formal fallacy is built into the structure of an argument and is invalid irrespective of the content of the argument.
Informal fallacies can also distract from the weakness of an argument, or appeal to the emotions instead of reason.Damning the alternatives. Arguing in favour of something by damning its alternatives. Appeal to popularity. Concluding the truth of a proposition on the basis that most or many people believe it to be true.
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