Immunological responses against monkeypox virus concerning the 2022 outbreak Monkeypox MonkeypoxVirus ImmunologicalResponse
By Suchandrima BhowmikNov 9 2022Reviewed by Aimee Molineux Studies have reported more than 60,000 human cases of monkeypox in non-endemic countries as of May 2022. The current outbreak has been observed to be different from the previous monkeypox infections in central and west Africa. This was due to the asynchronous evolution of lesions as well as more common perianal and genital localizations.
Smallpox vaccination was observed to be unable to provide complete protection against the monkeypox virus but could protect against severe disease. Furthermore, overproduction of cytokines has been observed in patients with severe monkeypox infection, suggesting a link between clinical severity and an unbalanced immune response. However, no information regarding the dynamics of immune response in humans in the current outbreak is available.
Flow cytometry was done to analyze the activation and differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Standard interferon-γ ELISpot was used to determine the frequency of T cell response to peptides from modified vaccinia virus Ankara . Assessment of spontaneous cytokine production was carried out through incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from all participants in DMSO. ELISA assay was carried out to evaluate the production of cytokines after specific stimulation.
A lower percentage of CD4+ T-cells and a higher percentage of CD8+ T-cells were reported in patients early after infection compared to healthy controls. Six out of nine monkeypox cases were reported to have a lower naive CD4+ T cell frequency than healthy controls. A lower proportion of naive and higher terminally differentiated CD8+ T cells was observed in all patients.
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