Making jokey references to cognitive decline in a speech is all very well, but Biden’s and Trump’s advanced age absolutely should concern American voters 🖋️ Analysis by StuartJRitchie
in traditional societies, such as forager-farmers in the Bolivian Amazon who haven’t had much if any Western-style education, they see the exact same pattern.the decline in our mental ability begins. If you give a sample of people of many different ages the fluid tests, then you see a peak in mental ability in the mid-twenties followed by steady decline.
But the big problem with giving the same people the same tests is the effect of practice: people get better at tests they’ve seen before. It seems like the practice effect in longitudinal studies masks the decline, at least until it becomes more rapid in later life and the ageing-related acceleration happens faster than the practice effects.
All rather depressing. But there’s one more reassuring thing I haven’t mentioned. It turns out that there are some test scores that change very little as we age – at least, not until extreme old age, when someone reaches their late eighties and nineties. Those tests tap what psychologists call “crystallised” abilities – they’re the sorts of things you can learn from the outside world, like vocabulary, specific skills, and general knowledge.
But then Salthouse looks at a second group of people: the CEOs of America’s top companies, listed on the Fortune 500. The distribution of their ages is very different: none at all are in the early part of their life, and they’re on average in their mid-fifties. The “smartest fluid reasoners” and the “Fortune 500 CEOs” lines hardly overlap at all.
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