Mechanical weeding promotes ecosystem functions and profit in industrial oil palm, finds study unigoettingen naturesustai
. We defined birds feeding on invertebrates as the species with a diet of at least 80% invertebrates and feeding on nectar , if the diet included at least 20% of nectar.We used six indicators linked to the level and stability of yield and profit: yield, lower fifth quantile of the yield per palm per plot, shortfall probability, management costs, profit and relative gross margin.
We computed risk indicators on the cumulative yield and on the yield between the two periods. We used the lowest fifth quantile of the yield per palm per plot to indicate the production of the palms with lowest performance. Also, we determined the yield shortfall probability , defined as the share of palms that fell below a predefined threshold of yield; the thresholds chosen were 630 kgper palm per year for the two-year yield, which corresponded to 75% of the average yield.
Revenues and costs were calculated as cumulative values during four years of the experiment using the same prices and costs for all the years. This was because we were interested in assessing the economic consequences of different management treatments, and they might be difficult to interpret when changes in prices and costs between calendar years are included, which are driven by external market powers rather than the field-management practices.
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