Weather changes are fueling more intense nighttime wildfires.
As the Sun set in eastern Australia in late December 2019, a wildfire swept through the region’s eucalyptus forests like nothing scientists had seen before. Blazes typically weaken at night. But high winds, hot temperatures, and extremely dry air helped trigger a firestorm that sent plumes of ash 15 kilometers into the atmosphere.
Firefighters often rely on milder night weather to make wildfires “lie down.” Winds slow, temperatures fall, and humidity rises. But Balch had been hearing that nights weren’t as restful as they once were. She experienced it firsthand while managing controlled burns of large plots in the Brazilian Amazon to see how jungles responded to repeated fires. During a drought there in 2007, she noticed fires burned through the night, rather than going out like they did in other years.
The researchers looked at weather conditions during nearly 82,000 nighttime wildfires in landscapes ranging from savannas to tropical jungles to evergreen forests. They identified the combination of humidity and temperature that—in 19 out of 20 blazes—coincided with fires not surviving the night. The researchers then measured how often the weather in these ecosystems went above the limit, creating conditions in which a fire is more likely to keep burning.
Some of the biggest decreases in mild night weather came in grasslands and savannas in equatorial South America and Africa, grasslands across Asia, and Australia shrublands. Western U.S. forests lost an average of 11 mild days,At the same time, night fires on a global scale became more intense. The amount of energy released from an average fire burning during the evening in a given year—calculated from satellite imagery—increased by 7% between 2003 and 2020, the researchers found.
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