A collaborative research team led by Interim Head of Physics Professor Shuang Zhang from The University of Hong Kong (HKU), along with National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Imperial College London and University of California, Berkeley, has proposed a new synthetic complex frequency wave (CFW) approach to address optical loss in superimaging demonstration. The research findings were recently published in the journal Science.
Figure 1. Schematic of imaging under real-frequency and synthesised complex frequency excitation in a superlens. The same object, when imaged through a superlens under different real-frequency illumination, results in images with varying degrees of blurriness, and none of the real-frequency images can discern the true appearance of the object. By combining the field amplitudes and phases of multiple single-frequency images, a clear image can finally be obtained.
Professor Shuang Zhang, corresponding author of the paper, explained the research foci,"To solve the optical loss problem in some important applications, we have proposed a practical solution—using a novel synthetic complex wave excitation to obtain virtual gain, and then offset the intrinsic loss of the optical system. As a verification, we applied this approach to the superlens imaging mechanism and theoretically improved imaging resolution significantly.
What does complex frequency mean? Frequency of a wave refers to how fast it oscillates in time, as shown in Figure 2a. It is natural to consider frequency a real number. Interestingly, the concept of frequency can be extended into the complex domain, where the imaginary part of the frequency also has a well-defined physical meaning, i.e., how fast a wave amplifies or decays in time. Hence, for a complex frequency wave, both oscillation and amplification of the wave occurs simultaneously.
Figure 3. Imaging patterns in multiple real frequencies and complex frequency of the letter"H." Credit: HKU The team further extended the principle to optical frequencies, employing an optical superlens made of a phononic crystal called silicon carbide, which operates at the far-infrared wavelength of around 10 micrometers. In a phononic crystal, the lattice vibration can couple with light to create the superimaging effect. However, the loss is still a limiting factor in the spatial resolution.
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