A Review in Infectious Agents and Cancer discusses the molecular mechanism of muscle fatigue in long COVID and other viral diseases, and the pathological resemblance of virus-triggered muscle fatigue with myalgic encephalomyelitis.
).
directly infects macrophages. That crosstalk stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokine-driven recruitment of inflammatory T cells in CNS, death of oligodendroglial progenitor cells, oligodendroglial demyelination, neuronal dysfunction in the cerebellum and spinal cord resulting in diminished synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Similar to CNS, demyelinating peripheral neuropathy is frequently observed in all viral diseases.
infection. However, it is not known if SARS-CoV2 directly infects CD4T cells. However, SARS-CoV2 directly infects APCs such as macrophage, dendritic cells, and microglia causing a cell-based activation of CD4T cells.
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A nontuberculous mycobacterium could solve the mystery of the lady from the Franciscan church in Basel, Switzerland - BMC BiologyBackground In 1975, the mummified body of a female has been found in the Franciscan church in Basel, Switzerland. Molecular and genealogic analyses unveiled her identity as Anna Catharina Bischoff (ACB), a member of the upper class of post-reformed Basel, who died at the age of 68 years, in 1787. The reason behind her death is still a mystery, especially that toxicological analyses revealed high levels of mercury, a common treatment against infections at that time, in different body organs. The computed tomography (CT) and histological analysis showed bone lesions in the femurs, the rib cage, and the skull, which refers to a potential syphilis case. Results Although we could not detect any molecular signs of the syphilis-causing pathogen Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, we realized high prevalence of a nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) species in brain tissue sample. The genome analysis of this NTM displayed richness of virulence genes and toxins, and similarity to other infectious NTM, known to infect immunocompromised patients. In addition, it displayed potential resistance to mercury compounds, which might indicate a selective advantage against the applied treatment. This suggests that ACB might have suffered from an atypical mycobacteriosis during her life, which could explain the mummy’s bone lesion and high mercury concentrations. Conclusions The study of this mummy exemplifies the importance of employing differential diagnostic approaches in paleopathological analysis, by combining classical anthropological, radiological, histological, and toxicological observations with molecular analysis. It represents a proof-of-concept for the discovery of not-yet-described ancient pathogens in well-preserved specimens, using de novo metagenomic assembly.
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