Scientists are charting the colonization of Italy by Greeks and Romans during the past 5,000 years using seafloor cores.
Pollen analysis of a marine core collected in the Gulf of S. Eufemia allowed reconstructing the regional changes in vegetation and land use over the last 5000 years. Pollen diagram zonation through Constrained Cluster Analysis highlighted three compositional zones whose boundaries mark the major changes that affected the vegetation structure. A dense forest cover with a few signs of human activities characterized the wide pollen source area from 5055 to 2700 BP .
From 2700 to 2000 BP , a longer and more incisive period of forest decline was connected to a time of aridity that favored the intense activities of an increasing anthropogenic pressure. Indeed, important urban centers developed in the area during the Greek and Roman colonization. Diffuse deforestation and cultivation occurred from 790 BP , enhancing soil erosion and fluvial discharge as testified by the sudden increase in sedimentation rates.
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