After years of downtime for upgrades, the world's premier gravitational-wave observatories are coming back online with big hopes for transformative discoveries
On May 24 the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory will resume its hunt for gravitational waves—tiny, periodic variations in the curvature of space and time created by distant, violent cosmic events such as two colliding black holes.
Considering how productive these detectors are, why do astronomers turn them on and off in the first place? The simple answer is that observing gravitational waves builds on cutting-edge technology that is rapidly advancing. That allows scientists to detect gravitational waves across an order of magnitude larger swath of the universe than they could back when the very first direct detection occurred. However, the upgrade of gravitational-wave detectors is a complex and time-consuming endeavor.
2. Radiating black hole collisions. Black holes are special because nothing, not even light, can escape from them. However, suppose two black holes collide amid a cloud of interstellar gas. Such a collision could spark cosmic fireworks in this surrounding material. Detecting the electromagnetic or possibly even neutrino signature of such collisions, along with gravitational waves, would be a major discovery.
5. Breakdown of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. Scientists suspect that our current theory of gravity and spacetime is incomplete as we cannot reconcile it with the quantum mechanical description of reality. Part of the problem is the lack of possible experiments that simultaneously test both strong gravity and the small spatial scales where most quantum-mechanical effects manifest. Black holes are probably the closest we can get to these two extremes.
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