Paul M. Sutter is an astrophysicist at SUNY Stony Brook and the Flatiron Institute in New York City. Paul received his PhD in Physics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 2011, and spent three years at the Paris Institute of Astrophysics, followed by a research fellowship in Trieste, Italy, His research focuses on many diverse topics, from the emptiest regions of the universe to the earliest moments of the Big Bang to the hunt for the first stars. As an 'Agent to the Stars,' Paul has passionately engaged the public in science outreach for several years. He is the host of the popular 'Ask a Spaceman!' podcast, author of 'Your Place in the Universe' and 'How to Die in Space' and he frequently appears on TV — including on The Weather Channel, for which he serves as Official Space Specialist.
to the evolution of the entire universe, it's a pretty simple concept. In general relativity, there is just space-time and the contents inside it. The contents of the cosmos cause space-time to bend and warp, and the bending and warping of space-time dictate how the contents should move.
For example, the presence of a planet distorts space-time around it, causing other objects to follow in orbits, or the distortions caused by a star can deflect the path of passing light.Although general relativity is the simplest approach to gravity, it is not the only one. An alternative, known as scalar-tensor theories, goes back to the early 1960s and is the work of physicists Robert Dicke and Carl Brans, so sometimes it gets the name Brans-Dicke theory.
In scalar-tensor theories, in addition to space-time and its contents, there's a third ingredient, known as a scalar field. The scalar field soaks all of space-time, and its one job is to change the strength of gravity from place to place or from time to time. In vanilla general relativity, the strength of gravity is fixed; it's just's gravitational constant, forever and always.
But in scalar-tensor theories, that can change. A planet on one side of the universe could have a weaker or stronger impact on space-time around it, depending on the local value of the scalar field. The strength of gravity can also change with time, if the scalar field itself evolves.Experimentally, general relativity and scalar-tensor theories are equivalent. General relativity has passed every single experimental obstacle thrown at it.
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