Nature research paper: Sufficient conditions for rapid range expansion of a boreal conifer
), we visited 157 shadow locations first identified on imagery and located in the field with the built-in GNSS of late-model Apple iPhones with positional accuracy in the open landscapes estimated at 3 m. At these 157 locations, 11 shadows were cast by very tall willows . Of the 146 shadows confirmed as trees, 2 were dead and 1 had a recently broken top with green foliage on the ground. We added the length of the broken top to the standing height measured with a laser range-finder.
Returning from the field with individual tree data, R.J.D. displayed digitized shadow points together with field points on GEP, visually matching each field point to the nearest shadow, conditional on relative congruence between shadow size and tree height. This required care in clumps of trees with varying heights .
We made field expeditions to six study areas within the extent of the WV imagery we used for digitizing, three within the ‘simulated population area’ rectangle in Extended Data Fig.
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