Neutrinos are tiny and neutrally charged particles accounted for by the Standard Model of particle physics. While they are estimated to be some of the most abundant particles in the universe, observing them has so far proved to be highly challenging, as the probability that they will interact with other matter is low.
A long-standing goal in this field of study was to observe neutrinos inside colliders, particle accelerators in which two beams of particles collide with each other. Two large research collaborations, namely FASER and SND @LHC, have observed these collider neutrinos for the very first time, using detectors located at CERN's Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland.
The FASER collaboration is a large research effort established with the goal of observing light and weakly interacting particles. FASER was the first research group to observe neutrinos at the LHC, using the FASER detector, which is positioned over 400m away from the renowned ATLAS experiment, in a separate tunnel. FASER observe neutrinos produced in the same"interaction region" inside the LHC as ATLAS.
"Because these neutrinos have high fluxes and high energies, which makes them far more likely to interact, we were able to detect 153 of them with a very small, inexpensive detector that was built in a very short time," Feng explained."Previously, particle physics was thought to be divided into two parts: high energy experiments, which were required to study heavy particles, like top quarks and Higgs bosons, and high intensity experiments, which were required to study neutrinos.
Shortly after FASER reported the first observation of collider neutrinos, the SND@LHC collaboration finalized its analysis, with eight additional events in the LHC involving neutrinos. The SND@LHC experiment was specifically established to detect neutrinos, using a detector that is two meters in length, strategically placed at a site in the LHC where the flux of neutrinos is high, but shielded from proton collision debris by approximately 100 meters of concrete and rock.
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