Unproven numbers distract from the real harm of the illicit antiquities trade, says study
). Search terms included all common permutations of terminology , along with variations on ‘third largest’ and synonyms for drugs and arms . This searching of the academic literature, popular media and the outputs of governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations produced multiple variations on the ‘third largest’ claim. For each new or significant use of the claim, we traced the string of cited sources as far back as they would go towards a hypothetical original source.
In his letter, Riley refers to the great concern of the scholarly world with the destruction and theft of cultural property in all nations to feed the very lucrative and expanding art market whose estimated yearly sales exceed a billion dollars. He points out that the international traffic in art is believed to be second only to the traffic in narcotics, and the United States is considered one of the world's largest consumers of plundered art .
There is no indication in this text, referring to ‘art’ and ranking the trade as ‘second largest’, from where Riley obtained this information or if it was based on any real evidence. More importantly, the article in which the claim is made does not seem to have been particularly influential, as neither it nor Riley are cited by any later sources that repeat the claim.
In all instances, the cited sources for the factoid are either vague or absent, a trend that continues to the present. These media pieces are the farthest back we could trace citation chains relating to the factoid. Starting in the early 1980s, legal researcher James A.R. Nafziger published a series of academic papers that included the claim in various forms, relating to ‘art’ or ‘cultural property’ and still ranking the trade as ‘second largest’. These publications proved to be widely influential within academic and legal scholarship. Nafziger's academic reputation clearly lent credence to the claim, and most subsequent authors accept him as a reliable source without further comment.
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