The Subway (or Heavy Rail) is the champion of public transit. But it dates to the late 19th century and hasn't changed a lot. New thinking could improve it in the 21st
Freed from the idea of off-line stations, one can use medium, van-sized vehicles, and lots of them, to provide transportation. One can go by every second rather than a big long train every 5-10 minutes. When a station has enough passengers to justify a van, one can pull into it — not blocking the main line — and serve them. Small vehicles would not stop at every station, only ones that have passengers to pick up or drop off.
If you need more capacity, some of the vehicles can be 40 person buses for use between very popular station pairs. You can even use traditional bus styles with standing room if you want even more capacity. The total capacity becomes far more than you need. You can also use smaller vehicles, fitting 4 to 8 people, to serve point to point when demand is not high. You will also have specialize vans with “roll-on” sections to provide accessible transportation which come on demand.
To make this happen, when approaching a station, the main tunnel would have a true “off-ramp” which quickly goes up to, or near to the surface. The ramp will empty out into what used to be a parking lot — including underground parking lots already in existence that find lighter use due to robotaxis and new transit. The vehicles then quickly move to boarding stalls — as many as you can fit in the old parking garage.
Today, with all the other infrastructure under the ground, it’s not always easy to run a tunnel up to the surface. That’s why existing underground parking garages are good options. It may be that the station won’t be at the key intersection that people would find as ideal, but there are other solutions to that.This diagram of the planned Chinatown station on San Francisco's new central subway explains whyThe vans which come to the surface need not stop there.
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