Thermal fluctuations and oscillation modes found to determine the uptake of bacteria in cells NatureComms
and"Methods" section). Third, for a useful comparison, we use DOPC vesicles interacting with uncoated PS particles as control group.varying with the maximum membrane stiffnessmeasured directly before uptake. The solid curves are linear fits to the data points and indicate an approximately linear relation between uptake energy costs and membrane stiffness, or membrane friction, respectively. Both dependencies are most pronounced \)).
), on average 8-fold relative to the DOPC control case. Likewise, stiffness and friction were also decreased by up to an order of magnitude:The additional adhesion energy by specific interactions reduces the uptake energy directly. The membrane composition influences the stiffness and friction experienced by a particle wrapped into it and thereby controls the deformation and uptake energy. This is summarized in Fig.
, where the maximal friction and maximal stiffness right before particle uptake are plotted against each other. Linear fits indicate an approximately linear increase of friction with stiffness. This increase is relatively small for the DOPC control case \)also summarizes the high frictions and stiffnesses associated to biotin-streptavidin system relative to the roughly 10-fold smaller membrane frictions and stiffnesses associated with LecA-Gb3.
We have studied the process of particle binding and uptake into minimized cells using optical tweezers. With our photonic force microscope, we could measure not only mean interaction forces between particle and membrane, but also fluctuations of forces and particle positions at the very high tracking rate of 1 MHz. This temporal resolution allowed us to extract particle fluctuation parameters such as the stiffnessexperienced by the particle interacting with the membrane.
Photonic force microscopes are optical tweezers-based systems that use the intrinsic thermal motion of a trapped probe as an additional scan mechanism to the movable optical trap. By nanometer precise 3D tracking at 1 MHz, we were able to measure particle motions on very short timescales \).
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