A five-year “adversarial collaboration” of scientists led to a stagy showdown in front of an audience. It crowned no winners—but it’s still progress.
Science routinely puts forward theories, then batters them with data till only one is left standing. In the fledgling science of consciousness, a dominant theory has yet to emerge. More than 20 are still taken seriously. It’s not for want of data.
maintains that a tiny subset of the information we constantly process unconsciously is selected to pass through a bottleneck into a conscious “workspace.” There, the information is integrated and broadcast to other brain areas to make it globally available for decision-making and learning. “The ‘workspace’ is there for a function,” Dehaene said. Because decision-making and learning are responsibilities of the prefrontal cortex, the front of the brain is deemed crucial for consciousness.
or other front-of-the-brain explanation. But philosophers and experimenters began complaining that those studies could be measuring the neural activity associated with the task of reporting rather than the consciousness itself. “No-report” paradigms were therefore developed as a workaround. A popular one involved binocular rivalry.
-versus-IIT experiment. Since tasks had created such a wrinkle in past experiments, it would iron them out by varying the tasks to see how that affected conscious perception. The test subjects would be presented with a series of varied images, such as faces, clocks, and letters of the alphabet in different fonts. They would see each image for 0.5 to 1.5 seconds.
predicted an “ignition” of the workspace followed by a second spike when the stimulus disappeared. Only the initial spike was detected. In the on-screen scoring for the NYU audience, IIT pulled ahead. The third hurdle concerned overall connectivity across the brain. , and the audience responded as though a victor had been crowned. Melanie Boly of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, a supporter of IIT, was buoyed enough by the outcome to declare onstage: “The results corroborate IIT’s overall claim that posterior cortical areas are sufficient for consciousness, and neither the involvement of nor global broadcasting are necessary.” When Dehaene took to the stage, he did not admit defeat either.
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