Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of long-term disability and premature death, especially among military personnel and those playing contact sports. Substantial research has examined acute and chronic neurological consequences of TBI; however, non-neurological conditions associated with TBI are understudied.
, emphasizes the need for future cardiovascular research, surveillance and intervention in TBI survivors.focused research, surprisingly, there has been minimal progress in mitigating long-term outcomes and mortality following injuries.
Existing research has identified a strong link between TBI and neurological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia. However, the mechanisms driving neurological disease after TBI remain poorly understood, despite decades of research.
There are many potential links between TBI and cardiovascular and cognitive dysfunction. Neuroinflammatory pathways triggered by TBI could predispose individuals to atherosclerosis. Weight gain and sleep disturbances after an injury could pose independent or additive risks. Disruptions to connections between the nervous and gastrointestinal systems could throw off the balance of microbes in the gut, contributing to cognitive and cardiovascular effects.
It remains unclear how single versus repetitive injuries, age at injury, TBI severity, and other comordibities impact cardiovascular risk. This is in part due to methodological limitations to current research, such as retrospective study designs and reliance on self-reported health data. Prospective studies can clarify what"This review is a clarion call to conduct better assessments and earlier intervention for survivors of TBI who may have increased cardiovascular risk.
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