Here's how art conservators use a variety of tools, including X-ray fluorescence, ultraviolet light and infrared light, to peel back the layers of a painting, including an early work by Vincent van Gogh. VanGogh Art Scoltand NationalGalleriesOfScotland
Vincent van Gogh’s 1885 painting Head of a Peasant Woman and an X-ray image showing the hidden self-portrait beneath. Head of a Peasant Woman
Art historians and conservators have utilized X-rays in this fashion almost as long as we’ve been aware of their existence, she adds. In fact, this scientific approach to studying works of art has been well-established in both museums and academia since around the late 19th and early 20th centuries. There are other methods of non-invasive interrogation that scientists like Casadio utilize, including X-ray fluorescence, ultraviolet light and infrared light. Basically, these different wavelengths from across the electromagnetic spectrum penetrate different depths of a painting. Researchers then use these methods in complementary fashion.
In some areas, art historians have been able to determine one art school or workshop from another based purely on an infrared image and the quality of these underdrawings. “Or, if you look at panel paintings in churches, sometimes you see the master writing notations for the workshop assistants,” she adds.
Still, this type of work reveals new knowledge every day, which is then funneled to both scientists and humanists for interpretation. Casadio, who has in the pastat the Art Institute of Chicago, appreciates the multi-disciplinary aspect of this collaboration. “Maybe a person doesn't care about Van Gogh, but thinks that it's cool to kind of peel the layer under a painting,” she says. “It's a way to reach people where they're at.
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